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Aristotle's Ethics by Aristotle


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1.    The highest good and the end toward which all human activity is directed is happiness, which can be defined as continuous contemplation of eternal and universal truth.

2.    One attains happiness by a virtuous life and the development of reason and the faculty of theoretical wisdom. For this one requires sufficient external goods to ensure health, leisure, and the opportunity for virtuous action.... More

About the Author
About the Book
  Main Points of Aristotle's Ethical Philosophy
Book I: Summaries
  Chapter I: The Aim of All Action is the Good
  Chapter II: Politics is the Study of the Good
  Chapter III: Limitations on the Study of Politics and Ethics
  Chapter IV: Varying Views of Happiness and the Good—More Discussion on Method
  Chapter V: Varying Views of the Good Life
  Chapter VI: The Platonic View of the Good
  Chapter VII: Definitions of the Good and Happiness
  Chapter VIII: Confirmation of Our View in Popular Ideas on Happiness
  Chapter IX: How Happiness is Acquired
  Chapter X: Can a Man be Called Happy Within His Lifetime?
  Chapter XI: The Relation Between The Dead and The Living in Regard to Happiness
  Chapter XII: The Degree of Praise Accorded to Happiness
  Chapter XIII: Psychological Basis of Virtue
Commentary on Book I
Book II Summaries
  Chapter I: Moral Virtue as a Result of Habits
  Chapter II: Methodology of The Study of Ethics—Discussion of the Nature of Moral Qualities
  Chapter III: Pleasure and Pain—The Test of Virtue
  Chapter IV: Relation of Virtue and Virtuous Action
  Chapter V: Definition of Virtue—Genus
  Chapter VI: Definition of Virtue Species
  Chapter VII: Particular Examples of the Mean and Extreme
  Chapter VIII: Relation of Mean and Extremes
  Chapter IX: How to Find the Mean
Commentary on Book II
Book III Summaries
  Chapter I: Voluntary and Involuntary Action
  Chapter II: Definition of Choice
  Chapter III: Definition of Deliberation
  Chapter IV: Definition of Wish
  Chapter V: Man's Moral Responsibility as an Agent
  Chapter VI: Courage (i)
  Chapter VII: Courage (ii)
  Chapter VIII: Courage (iii)
  Chapter IX: Courage (iv)
  Chapter X: Self-Control (i)
  Chapter XI: Self-Control (ii)
  Chapter XII: Self-Control (iii)
Commentary on Book III
Book IV: Summaries
  Chapter I: Generosity
  Chapter II: Magnificence
  Chapter III: High-Mindedness
  Chapter IV: Ambition and Lack of Ambition
  Chapter V: Gentleness
  Chapter VI: Friendliness
  Chapter VII: Truthfulness
  Chapter VIII: Wittiness and Tact
  Chapter IX: Shame and Modesty
Commentary on Book IV
Book V: Summaries
  Chapter I: Various Definitions of Justice
  Chapter II: Particular Justice—Distributive and Remedial
  Chapter III: Distributive Justice
  Chapter IV: Remedial Justice
  Chapter V: Reciprocal Justice and the Function of Money
  Chapter VI: Political and Social Justice, Domestic Justice
  Chapter VII: Natural and Conventional Justice
  Chapter VIII: Degrees of Personal Responsibility
  Chapter IX: Additional Discussion of Relation Between Voluntariness and Just Action
  Chapter X: Equity and Justice
  Chapter XI: Can a Man be Unjust Toward Himself?
  Commentary on Book V
Book VI: Summaries
  Chapter I: Psychological Basis of Intellectual Virtue
  Chapter II: The Elements of Intellectual Virtue
  Chapter III: The Five Modes of Intellectual Expression; Definition of Science
  Chapter IV: Art or Applied Science
  Chapter V: Practical Wisdom
  Chapter VI: Intelligence
  Chapter VII: Theoretical Wisdom
  Chapter VIII: Practical Wisdom and Politics
  Chapter IX: Practical Wisdom and Virtue in Deliberation
  Chapter X: Practical Wisdom and Understanding
  Chapter XI: Practical Wisdom and Good Sense
  Chapter XII: The Utility of Theoretical and Practical Wisdom
  Chapter XIII: Practical Wisdom and Moral Virtue
Commentary on Book VI
BOOK VII: Summaries
  Chapter I: Continence and Incontinence
  Chapter II: Commonly Held Beliefs about Continence and Incontinence
  Chapter III: Incontinence and Knowledge
  Chapter IV: The Sphere of Incontinence
  Chapter V: Incontinence and Pathological Forms of Desire
  Chapter VI: Incontinence in Anger
  Chapter VII: Continence and Tenacity, Incontinence and Softness
  Chapter VIII: Incontinence and Self-Indulgence
  Chapter IX
  Chapter X
  Chapter XI: Current Views on Pleasure
  Chapter XII: Is Pleasure a Good Thing? (1)
  Chapter XIII: Is Pleasure the Highest Good? (2)
  Chapter XIV: Are Most Pleasures Bad? (3)
Commentary on Book VII
Book VIII: Summaries
  Chapter I: Reasons for Studying Friendship
  Chapter II: The Three Objects of Affection, Definition of Friendship
  Chapter III: The Three Kinds of Friendship
  Chapter IV: Comparison of Perfect and Imperfect Friendship
  Chapter V: Friendship as a Characteristic and an Activity
  Chapter VI: Additional Observations on Friendship
  Chapter VII: Friendship Between Unequals
  Chapter VIII: Giving and Receiving Affection
  Chapter IX: Friendship and Justice in the State
  Chapter X: Political Systems
  Chapter XI: Friendship and Justice Under Different Constitutions
  Chapter XII: Friendship Within the Family
  Chapter XIII: The Mutual Obligations of Equal Friends
  Chapter XIV: The Mutual Obligations of Unequal Friends
  Commentary on Book VIII
Book IX: Summaries
  Chapter I: Measuring the Mutual Obligations of Friends
  Chapter II: Conflicting Obligations
  Chapter III: Dissolution of Friendships
  Chapter IV: The Basis of Friendship is Self-Love
  Chapter V: Friendship and Goodwill
  Chapter VI: Friendship and Concord
  Chapter VII: Good Deeds
  Chapter VIII: Self-Love
  Chapter IX: Friendship and Happiness
  Chapter X: Should One Limit the Number of his Friends?
  Chapter XI: Friends in Times of Adversity and Prosperity
  Chapter XII: The Value and Influence of Friendship
Commentary on Book IX
Book X: Summaries
  Chapter I: The Importance of Pleasure
  Chapter II: The Doctrine that Pleasure is the Good
  Chapter III: The Doctrine that Pleasure is Evil
  Chapter IV: The True Nature of Pleasure
  Chapter V: The Value and Function of Pleasure
  Chapter VI: Happiness
  Chapter VII: The Contemplative Life is the Highest Happiness
  Chapter VIII: Advantages of the Contemplative Life
  Chapter IX: Ethics and Politics
Commentary on Book X
 

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